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Standardized Questionnaires of Walking & Bicycling Database:
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Validation Studies of the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire/College Alumnus Questionnaire (CAQ)
Resnicow et al. 2003
See reference #21
- Methods
- Relationship between modified Paffenbarger (Paf) Walking Items (and 3 other questionnaires) and
Estimated VO2 max and BMI (Pearson Correlations)
- Sample
- 138-African-American men and women (78% female) in the Healthy Body/Healthy Spirit Trial; 21-68 years of age
- Summary Results
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| |
VO2 |
BMI |
| Paf Walking Items--Males |
| -City blocks
walked |
-0.03 |
0.29 |
| -Pace of walking |
0.02 |
0.06 |
| -flights of stairs
climbed |
0.13 |
-0.25 |
| -minutes walking
per day |
0.32 |
-0.21 |
| Paf Walking Items--Females |
| -City blocks
walked |
-0.06 |
0.11 |
| -Pace of walking |
0.01 |
0.00 |
| -flights of stairs
climbed |
0.12 |
0.03 |
| -minutes walking
per day |
0.02 |
0.12 |
all values NS
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Bonnefoy et al. 2001
See reference #39
- Methods
- Relationships between CAQ items and DLW and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max)
(Pearson and Spearman’s Correlation coefficients)
- Sample
- 19 men; mean age 73.4 ± 4.1 years
- Summary Results
-
| |
DLW-TEE |
VO2 max |
| CAQ: |
| -walking |
-0.32(-0.32) |
-0.28(-0.21) |
| -stairs |
-0.18(-0.02) |
-0.19(0.01) |
| -total
activity |
0.39(0.37) |
0.21(0.17) |
all ns
Spearman’s correlation coefficients in parenthesis
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Singh et al. 2001
See reference #51
- Methods
- Relationships between PAQ and 7-d activity recalls, pedometer readings, treadmill test
- Sample
- 165 black (118 female) Seventh-day Adventists; mean age female: 50 (15) years, male: 47 (14) years
- Summary Results
-
This article states the PA questionnaire used is the same as that used in the Singh 1996 validation study (which does appear to be the Paffenbarger). But in fact, the two questionnaires (which are provided in both articles) don’t appear to be the same; and the Singh 2001 version does not ask specific walking questions.
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Bassett et al. 2000
See reference #52
- Methods
- Relationship between measurements of daily walking distance on the CAQ and a pedometer ANOVA
- Sample
- 48 men (mean age 40.9 ± 11.2 years) and 48 women (mean age 39 ± 11.5 years); 4% African American 92% Caucasian
- Summary Results
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Physical Activity Index (PAI) and Walking measures from CAQ
| |
W |
S |
PAI |
pedometer |
| Men |
| -MET
min/wk |
471±297 |
101±104 |
1656±1008 |
1223*±473 |
| -kcals/
wk |
677±442 |
142±148 |
2387±1487 |
1772*±714 |
| Women |
| -MET
min/wk |
398±308 |
59±56 |
1318±1195 |
1317*±516 |
| -kcals/
wk |
433±326 |
61±54 |
1445±1359 |
1445*±513 |
| All subjects |
| -MET
min/wk |
435±303 |
80±86 |
1487±1113 |
1270*±494 |
| -kcals/
wk |
555±405 |
101±118 |
1916±1490 |
1608*±640 |
W = walking
S = stairs
* significant difference between CAQ and pedometer (p = 0.0001)
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Gregg et al. 1999
See reference #31
- Methods
- Relation of recent PA from CAQ and Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) assessment of bone (Speed of sound (SOS and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and bone mineral density (BMD)
(ANOVA)
- Sample
- 393 women; 45-53 years of age
- Summary Results
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| |
Recent Physical Activity |
| BUA: |
| Z score |
0.11 |
| p-value |
0.03 |
| SOS: |
| Z score |
0.12 |
| p-value |
0.001 |
| Femoral Neck BMD: |
| Z score |
0.11 |
| p-value |
0.001 |
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Singh et al. 1996
See reference #53
- Methods
- Relationship between selected CAQ items and components of the CAQ Physical Activity Index (PAI) and maximal treadmill time
(Partial correlation coefficients)
- Sample
- 56 Adventists Males (AM), 59 Non-Adventist (NM) males, 56 Adventist females (AF) and 34 non-
Adventist females (NF) mean age approximately 52 years
- Summary Results
-
| |
AM |
NM |
AF |
NF |
| Pace |
0.10 |
0.00 |
0.16 |
0.39** |
| PAI: |
| Stairs (MET/min/wk) |
0.25 |
0.08 |
0.14 |
0.08 |
| Blocks (MET/min/wk) |
0.16 |
0.10 |
-0.07 |
0.22 |
| Speed
<3mph |
0.01 |
-0.07 |
-0.07 |
0.01 |
** p < 0.05
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Ainsworth et al. 1993
See reference #54
- Methods
- Relationships between CAQ items, the CAQ Physical Activity Index -PAI and PA record items, Caltrac, VO2 max, %BF
(Age-adjusted correlations)
- Sample
- 28 men and 50 women; 21-59 years of age
- Summary Results
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| CAQ Items |
Stairs |
City
Blocks |
PAI |
| PA Record |
| -stairs |
0.79** |
0.09 |
0.17 |
| -city blocks |
0.06 |
0.34** |
0.24* |
| Caltrac |
| -kcals/dy |
-0.00 |
0.17 |
0.17 |
| -Caltrac METs/d |
0.07 |
0.21 |
0.29 |
| VO2 max |
0.17 |
0.16 |
0.60** |
| %BF |
0.22 |
-0.12 |
-0.44** |
* p <0.05 ** p <0.01
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Rauh et al. 1992
See reference #12
- Methods
- Relationship between items on the CAQ and Caltrac
(Pearson correlations)
- Sample
- 45 Latino (Spanish/English-speaking) adults, 53% male; mean age 33 years
- Summary Results
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| CAQ: |
| Flights climbed |
0.11 |
| Blocks walked |
0.02 |
| Kcals/wk |
0.34* |
* p < 0.05
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Jacobs et al. 1993
See reference #10
- Methods
- Relationships between CAQ items (Physical Activity Index-PAI, Stairs and City blocks) and VO2 max, % body fat (%BF), Caltrac accelerometer (CAL) and 4 wk activity history (FWH) (Spearman correlations)
- Sample
- 28 men and 50 women-Caucasian-20-59 years of age.
- Summary Results
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| CAQ Items |
Stairs |
City
Blocks |
PAI |
| VO2 |
0.02 |
-0.01 |
0.52* |
| %BF |
-0.14 |
0.00 |
-0.30* |
| Caltrac |
-0.01 |
0.16 |
0.30 |
| FWH |
0.25 |
0.08 |
0.31 |
* p < 0.05
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Washburn et al. 1990
See reference #55
- Methods
- Relationships between CAQ (Harvard Alumni Activity Survey-HAAS) scores and self-report sweat hours per week, BMI and HDL cholesterol (Pearson correlation coefficients)
- Sample
- 732 randomly selected adults; 25 to 65 years
- Summary Results
-
| |
HAAS scores |
| Sweat hrs/week |
0.24** |
| Sweat hrs # |
0.23** |
| Log sweat hr/wk |
0.39** |
| Log sweat hrs/wk # |
0.38** |
| BMI |
-0.08 |
| HDL cholesterol |
-0.07 |
HAAS# and BMI r = -0.09*
HAAS# and HDL-C r = -0.13*
* p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01
# Partial correlation adjusted for sex and age
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Siconolfi et al. 1985
See reference #56
- Methods
- Relationship between Paffenbarger Physical Activity Index-PAI, and VO2 max and sweating
(correlation coefficients)
- Sample
- 36 men (mean age 41 years) and 32 women (mean age 42 years)
- Summary Results
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| PAI: |
Total |
Men |
Women |
| VO2 max |
0.29* |
0.26 |
0.08 |
| Sweat |
0.57** |
0.54** |
0.60** |
* p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01
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Laport et al. 1983
See reference #57
- Methods
- Relationship between the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Index-PAI, and Large Scale Integrated activity monitor
(correlation coefficients)
- Sample
- 76 post-menopausal women; 44-74 years of age
- Summary Results
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R = 0.23
p < 0.05
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